Enfermedad de Hansen en un adulto con virus de inmunodeficiencia humana / Hansen's disease in an adult infected with human immunodeficiency virus i: en

Se describe el caso clínico de un paciente infectado por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana en fase sintomática precoz, quien fue asistido en el Servicio de Dermatología del Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Docente Dr. León Cuervo Rubio en Pinar del Río por presentar lesiones eritematosas infiltradas de tres meses de evolución en el miembro inferior derecho, con alteración de la sensibilidad térmica y dolorosa. Se le indicó baciloscopia y estudio histopatológico que confirmaron el diagnóstico de sospecha de lepra dimorfa tuberculoide, por lo que se comenzó a aplicar poliquimioterapia combinada con terapia antirretroviral, lo cual favoreció la evolución del paciente.

The case report of a patient infected by the human immunodeficiency virus in early symptomatic phase is described, who was seen at the Dermatology Service of the Dr. León Cuervo Rubio Teaching Clinical Surgical Hospital of Pinar del Río for presenting infiltrated erythematous lesions of three months of evolution in the right lower limb, with altered pain and thermal sensation. A basiloscopic and histopathologic study was indicated, which confirmed the presumptive diagnosis of borderline tuberculoid leprosy, and therefore polychemotherapy combined with antiretroviral therapy was started, which favored the patient's evolution.

A Rare Case Report of Leprous Macrocheilia in Borderline Tuberculoid Leprosy with Type 1 Reaction

It is well known that Mycobacterium leprae tends to target the cooler parts of the body and can involve the oral cavity. Despite this, macrocheilia - a condition where the lips become enlarged - caused by leprosy is rarely documented. There are few reported cases of leprous macrocheilia in India. We present a unique case of an elderly woman with borderline tuberculoid leprosy in type I reaction who developed leprous macrocheilia.

Role of S-100 Immunostaining in Differentiation of Borderline Leprosy from Other Granulomatous Diseases of Skin

Leprosy is a chronic granulomatous disease affecting skin, peripheral nerves and other tissues. On histopathology leprosy mimics other infectious and non-infectious lesions like tuberculosis, sarcoidosis and fungal infections, which are also common in our country. In tuberculoid and indeterminate forms, where Acid Fast Bacilli cannot be demonstrated, the diagnosis becomes more difficult. Mycobacterium leprae is the only bacterium which has the ability to infiltrate peripheral nerves leading to Schwann cell disintegration. On routine Hematoxylin and Eosin stains (H&E), the nerve fibers may not be easily identifiable in some cases , hence S-100 immunostaining is used to highlight the nerve elements and to demonstrate and compare the nerve changes in spectrum of leprosy. With widespread use of multi-drug treatment, there has been changes in the profile of disease. The aim of the present study was to observe different patterns of cutaneous nerve involvement in leprosy and to correlate these with the clinical and histopathological findings in currently referred cases for histopathological opinion. The study was conducted in the Department of Pathology, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, over a period of 12 months (July 2016 - July 2017) Subjects were recruited from patients presenting in Dermatology OPD. A total 35 consecutive cases with clinical suspicion / diagnosis of leprosy were included in the study. Biopsies were processed and stained by H&E, Fite-Faraco as well as S100 immunostaining. It was observed that on S-100 immunostaining, 43.7% cases showed granulomas infiltrating the dermal nerves whereas these changes could not be demonstrated in 16.6% cases of Borderline leprosy on H&E staining alone. Thus S-100 staining appears to serve as an important tool to diagnose leprosy from other granulomatous diseases of skin even in current scenario of leprosy.

A Case of Type 2 Leprosy Reaction in Borderline Lepromatous Leprosy Masquerading as Orbital Cellulitis in an Immigrant Worker / 나학회지

Hansen's disease(HD) is a chronic infectious disorder acquired by inoculation of Mycobacterium leprae. With the establishment of complex multidrug therapy, the incidence rate of leprosy patients has continually shown to decline by 90% compared to the incidence rate in the 1990s. However, the prevalence of the disease still remains high in southeast asian countries. Due to the rarity and diverse nature of cutaneous presentation, HD is often misdiagnosed with other dermatoses or infectious conditions. Especially, when a patient presents with unusual presentation with leprosy reaction with no classical feature such as sensory disorders and skin lesion, the diagnosis is further delayed with misguided treatments. Herein we present a 27-year-old Indonesian immigrant who displayed clinical features mimicking that of orbital cellulitis who was later diagnosed with borderline lepromatous leprosy through histologic and PCR confirmation, in light of alerting the probability of leprosy in immigrants with intractable skin presentations.

Reacción lepromatosa tipo I, a propósito de un caso / Type I lepra reaction: a case report

La lepra es una infección crónica, granulomatosa, producida por Mycobacterium leprae, que afecta piel y nervios periféricos. Se describen dos tipos de reacciones leprosas: tipo I y tipo II, las que corresponden a cuadros agudos que exacerban la enfermedad. Estas leproreacciones pueden ocurrir antes, durante o después del tratamiento. Se presenta el caso de un paciente masculino que acude a consultar con lesiones cutáneas y resultado de biopsia de piel con diagnóstico de lepra. Se inicia tratamiento multidroga OMS-MB1. Posteriormente presenta una leproreacción tipo I, por lo que se le realiza tratamiento con prednisona.

Leprosy is a chronic granulomatous infection of the skin and peripheral nervous system produced by Mycobacterium leprae. Two types of acute leprosy reactions have been described: type I and type II. These reactions can occur before, during or after treatment. We present the case of an adult male patient presenting with skin lesions and skin biopsy diagnostic for leprosy. A multidrug WHO-MB 1 treatment was initiated, after which he presents with type I lepra reaction requiring corticosteroids.

Enfermedad de hansen (lepra): Eritema nodoso leproso presentación de caso / Hansen disease (leprosy): Erythema nodosum leprosum case presentation

La enfermedad de Hansen o lepra es una enfermedad infectocontagiosa de curso crónico tan antigua como la humanidad misma, que a lo largo de la historia ha marginado a todo aquel que la padece. En la actualidad con el conocimiento de su patogenia y avances en la terapéutica se tiene una visión diferente de la misma. En los siguientes párrafos se realiza una revisión bibliográfica actualizada y la presentación del caso clínico de un paciente de 44 años de edad, al cual se le diagnostico lepra lepromatosa con desarrollo de eritema nodoso leproso quien recibió manejo poliquimioterapéutico con adecuada evolución.

Hansen's disease or leprosy is a chronic course infectious disease as old as humanity itself, which throughout history has led to the isolation and alienation of anyone who has it. Nowadays due to pathogenesis knowledge and therapeutics advance we can have a different point of view about it. In the following sections we will perform an updated revision of this disease and check a 44 year-old patient case, who was diagnosed with lepromatous leprosy developing a nodosum leprosum erythema and who has also received the appropriate multidrug treatment with appropriate clinical response.

Surgical treatment of type I neuritis in a teenage boy with borderline tuberculoid leprosy

Exacerbation of the immune response against Mycobacterium leprae can lead to neuritis, which is commonly treated via immunosuppression with corticosteroids. Early neurolysis may be performed concurrently, especially in young patients with a risk of functional sequelae. We report the case of a young patient experienced intense pain in the left elbow one year after the treatment of tuberculoid-tuberculoid leprosy. The pain was associated with paresthesias in the ulnar edge and left ulnar claw. After evaluation, the diagnosis was changed to borderline tuberculoid leprosy accompanied with neuritis of the left ulnar nerve. Early neurolysis resulted in rapid reduction of the pain and recovery of motor function.

Evaluation of key histologic variables in skin biopsies of patients of borderline leprosy with type 1 lepra reaction.

Background: Leprosy remains an important health problem mainly in the African and South-East Asia regions. Type 1 reaction is an immune-mediated phenomenon known to complicate at least 30% of patients of leprosy. Diagnosing type 1 reaction correctly is important for timely institution of therapy to prevent and treat neuropathy-associated disability and morbidity. There is paucity of literature on definitive criteria for histologic diagnosis of type 1 reaction. This study was conducted to determine the key histologic variables for diagnosing type 1 reaction. Methods: This was a prospective study recruiting 104 patients with borderline leprosy. Three pathologists blinded to the clinical diagnosis independently assessed the cases. The agreement between each histological variable and clinical diagnosis was then calculated by using Cohen's kappa (Κ) coefficient. Results: Histological diagnosis of type 1 reaction was given to 27 (67.5%) of 40 clinically diagnosed cases of type 1reaction cases. Histological variables chosen as key variables for histological diagnosis of type 1 reaction were presence of giant cells, dermal edema, intragranuloma edema, granuloma fraction 31-50%, and presence of medium to large giant cells. Conclusion: This study has shown that T1R are still underdiagnosed histologically in comparison with clinical assessments. The key variables for diagnosing type 1 reaction were proposed

Early diagnosis of relapse in borderline leprosy: two case reports / Diagnóstico precoce de recidiva em hanseníase dimorfa: apresentação de dois casos

Two cases of relapse in borderline leprosy were reported. Despite the late-reversal, reaction-like feature, the suspicion of relapse in both was based on persistent and slow-developing skin lesions and an absence of acute neuritis or reaction during one year of follow-up. The authors have considered this possible occurrence in lepromatous borderline-treated patients after their immune cellular restoration and defend that not all Type 1 reactions would be an inflammatory answer to persistent Mycobacterium leprae, but that they could be. Therefore, a relapse diagnosis could be applied and it is more advisable, as one year of Multi-Drug Therapy (MDT) is less dangerous and more efficient for these cases than one year of corticosteroids.

São apresentados dois casos de recidiva de hanseníase borderline. Apesar das características de reação reversa tardia, a suspeita de recidiva foi baseada no desenvolvimento insidioso e persistente de lesões cutâneas sem reação e neurite agudas, durante um ano de seguimento. Os autores consideram a possibilidade de recidiva em pacientes borderline virchowinano tratados, pela restauração da imunidade celular e postulam que embora nem toda reação tipo 1 seja devida a presença de M. leprae persistentes, isso também pode ocorrer. Assim, o diagnóstico de recidiva foi considerado ressaltando-se que um ano de poliquimioterapia oferece menos danos e pode ser mais eficiente nesses casos, que um ano de corticosteróides.

Sorologia rápida para hanseníase (teste ML Flow) em pacientes dimorfos classificados como paucibacilares pelo número de lesões cutâneas: uma ferramenta útil / Leprosy serology (ml Flow test) in borderline leprosy patients classified as paucibacillary by counting cutaneous lesions: an useful tool

A hanseníase ainda é doença endêmica no Brasil, com cerca de 40.000 novos casos por ano. Devido à dificuldade na realização de exames laboratoriais em campo, classifica-se a forma clínica contando-se lesões, o que pode causar subdiagnóstico de casos multibacilares e falha terapêutica. Para avaliar uma nova ferramenta para diagnóstico de hanseníase multibacilar, o teste ML Flow, foi realizado em 21/77 (27,3%) pacientes com hanseníase dimorfa (6 DV e 15 DT) não tratados, com até cinco lesões de pele, avaliados de acordo com a classificação de Ridley & Jopling (R&J). O teste ML Flow foi positivo em 14/21 (66,6%) pacientes (4 DV e 10 DT); em 7/21 (33,3%) pacientes (5 DT e 2 DV) o resultado foi negativo. A classificação da hanseníase baseada somente na contagem de lesões pode falhar em diagnosticar casos MB. O ML Flow é ferramenta útil no diagnóstico de hanseníase dimorfa com até cinco lesões cutâneas.

Leprosy remains an endemic disease in Brazil, with almost 40,000 new cases diagnosed each year. As it is difficult to perform laboratory procedures in the field, operational classification is determined by counting lesions, which can cause underdiagnosis of multibacillary cases and failures in treatment. To evaluate a new tool to diagnose MB cases, the ML Flow test, 21/77 (27.3%) patients with untreated borderline leprosy (6 BL and 15 BT) with 1 to 5 cutaneous lesions were evaluated according to the R&J Classification. The ML Flow test was positive in 14/21 (66.6%) patients; 7/21 (33.3%) cases, 5 BT and 2 BL, showed negative results. Classification of leprosy based only on the number of lesions can fail to diagnose MB leprosy. The ML Flow test is a useful tool to diagnose borderline leprosy in patients with 1 to 5 cutaneous lesions.

Reação reversa nodular tardia simulando recidiva: a importância da história clínica e dos exames laboratoriais / Late nodular reversal reaction mimicking relapse: the importance of clinical history and laboratory findings

Um homem de 51 anos recebe o diagnóstico de hanseníase dimorfa em 2005. Na ocasião apresentou 3 lesões em placas foveolares e algumas pequenas pápulas no tronco posterior. A histopatologia mostrou quadro ativo de Hanseníase dimorfa-virchoviana com baciloscopia de 5+ (presença de bacilos típicos). A reação de Mitsuda foi negativa, a dosagem de IgM anti-PGL-1 (glicolipídeo fenólico 1) por ELISA foi de 0,003 e o teste ML-Flow (teste de fluxo lateral para o M. leprae) foi negativo. Submeteu-se a poliquimioterapia (PQT) para multibacilar (24 doses). Nove meses após a alta medicamentosa, inicia episódio reacional caracterizado por tumefação e eritema das placas pré-existentes, e múltiplos nódulos eritematosos generalizados em face, tronco e extremidades. A histopatologia demonstrou padrão granulomatoso dimorfo-tuberculóide reacional com 1+ de bacilos granulosos. Discute-se o diagnóstico diferencial entre recidiva e reação reversa, a reativação com múltiplos nódulos semelhantes a hansenomas e os valores de IgM anti PGL-1 e o teste de ML-Flow negativo por ocasião do diagnóstico da doença.

A 51 years old man has the diagnosis of borderline leprosy in 2005. On this time he presented 3 honeycombed plaques and some little papules on the back. The histopathology showed active borderline-lepromatous leprosy, bacilloscopy 5+, with viable bacilli. Mitsuda reaction was negative, the dosage of IgM anti-PGL-1 (phenolic glicolipid 1) by ELISA was 0,003 and ML-Flow test (lateral flux test to M. leprae) was negative. Multidrugtherapy (MDT) for multibacillary leprosy was started for 24 months. Nine months after finished treatment, reversal reaction characterized by exacerbation of previous lesions and appearance of multiple erythematous nodules on face, trunk and extremities. The histopathology showed reactional borderline-tuberculoid pattern, with bacilloscopy 1+, granular bacilli. It is discussed the differential diagnosis between relapse and reversal reaction, the reactivation of the disease with multiple nodules mimicking lepromas and the low values of IgM anti-PGL-1 and the negative ML-flow test on the diagnosis.